Lastly, the ADCP provides a detailed profile of water velocity and direction for the majority of a cross section instead of just at point locations with a mechanical current meter; this improves the discharge measurement accuracy.Streamgages continuously measure stage, as stated in the "Measuring Stage"" section. In this method, the stream channel cross section is divided into numerous vertical subsections.
This phenomenon is called superelevation. It is a two-fifths scale version of the Price AA meter and is designed to be attached to a wading rod. As an alternative, stage can be determined by measuring the pressure required to maintain a small flow of gas through a tube and bubbled out at a fixed location under water in the stream. The stage of a river is the height of the water surface of the stream above an arbitrary datum, usually either sea level or an elevation slightly below the channel bed (Figure 5-1). At some point in most streams, there are curves or bends in the stream channel called meanders (Figure 10.3). Because the rate at which the cups revolve is directly related to the velocity of the water, the timed revolutions are used to determine the water velocity. You can get an idea of what stream stage is by looking at a Most U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgages measure stage and consist of a structure in which instruments used to measure, store, and transmit the stream-stage information are housed. These are all names for water flowing on the Earth's surface. Special effort is made to measure extremely high and low stages and flows because these measurements occur less frequently. Subsection depth is measured using a wading rod, if conditions permit, or by suspending a sounding weight from a calibrated cable and reel system off a bridge, cableway, or boat or through a hole drilled in ice.The velocity of the streamflow can be measured using a current meter. Stage-discharge relations are developed for streamgages by physically measuring the flow of the river with a mechanical current meter or ADCP at a wide range of stages; for each measurement of discharge there is a corresponding measurement of stage.
The USGS has been measuring streamflow on thousands of rivers and streams for many decades and by reading this set of Web pages you can find out how the whole streamflow-measurement process works.Often during a large rainstorm you can hear an announcement on the radio like "Peachtree Creek is expected to crest later today at 14.5 feet." At high elevations, streams are just beginning streams that have small channels and steep gradients. The total discharge is then computed by summing the discharge of each subsection.Numerous types of equipment and methods are used by USGS personnel to make current-meter measurements because of the wide range of stream conditions throughout the United States. USGS streamflow information is critical for supporting water management, hazard management, environmental research, and infrastructure design.Below are other science topics associated with measuring streamflow.A streamgage is a structure installed beside a stream or river that contains equipment that measures and records the water level (called gage height or stage) of the stream. In each subsection, the area is obtained by measuring the width and depth of the subsection, and the water velocity is determined using a current meter. It will drop off the heaviest and largest particles first, that is why you might find gold in a stream deposit.
Fresh water in streams, ponds, and lakes is an extremely important part of the water cycle if only because of its importance to living creatures. The measured stage value is stored in an electronic data recorder on a regular interval, usually every 15 minutes.At some streamgage sites, a stilling well is not feasible or is not cost effective to install. In general, river discharge is computed by multiplying the area of water in a channel cross section by the average velocity of the water in that cross section:The USGS uses numerous methods and types of equipment to measure velocity and cross-sectional area, including the following current meter and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler.One method that has been used for decades by the USGS for measuring discharge is the mechanical current-meter method.
The zero level is arbitrary, but is often close to the streambed. Discharge. As you just learned, one place where a river deposits material is along the inside edges of meanders. These are called bottomset beds.
The ADCP is then guided across the surface of the river to obtain measurements of velocity and depth across the channel. Erosion by moving water can happen in two ways. During floodstage, the whole delta can be covered by finer sediments which will overlie the existing delta. Stage, sometimes called gage height, can be measured using a variety of methods. Changes in stream channels are often caused by erosion or deposition of streambed materials, seasonal vegetation growth, debris, or ice. Creeks? If the sediments are carried away, then no delta will form. The change in frequency, or Doppler Shift, that is measured by the ADCP is translated into water velocity. The farmers who use the floodplain areas around the Nile River rely on these deposits to supply nutrients to their fields each year as the river floods its banks. The measured pressure is directly related to the height of water over the tube outlet in the stream. Some of these materials are carried in solution. The velocity of a river is determined by many factors, including the shape of its channel, the gradient of the slope that the river moves along, the volume of water that the river carries and the amount of friction caused by rough edges within the riverbed. 3) is a graphic representation of the relation between stage and streamflow for a given river or stream.
Determining discharge from stage requires defining the stage-discharge relationship by measuring discharge at a wide range of river stages.Discharge is the volume of water moving down a stream or river per unit of time, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second or gallons per day.
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